One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. 4/28/2023. One was a more traditional vaccine, being developed by a well-regarded virologist named Albert Sabin. , and new cases of. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Developer of the polio vaccine Word Ladder: AMC Zombie Franchise 83%. During this period a series of important vaccines like the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines were developed. Jonas Salk, a medical researcher and virologist who developed the vaccine with his own research team, would rightfully go down in history as the man who eradicated polio. The disease struck several provinces in turn: British Columbia and Alberta (1927), Manitoba (1928), Ontario (1929 and 1930), and then Quebec (1931 and 1932). Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. For the word puzzle clue of developed the first polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Dr. Dr. At 1 a. For the word puzzle clue of jonas edward ____ polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. For the word puzzle clue of who was the inventor of the polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) protect against polio. Jonas Salk. Vials of a polio vaccine made by Cutter Laboratories in 1955. Inactivated polio vaccine Category Crossword (Just For Fun V) 56%. Before Jonas Salk invented the polio vaccine, polio was a life-threatening and a scary disease in most parts of the world. hide this ad. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Crossword Clue. RNA Used in COVID vaccines Crossword: Marvel. 7, 1954. , 1953); OPV was. The oral polio vaccine, originally developed by Albert Sabin, uses a live but weakened poliovirus that one swallows in a sugar cube or droplet. A placebo-controlled trial in 1954 involving 1. 1. 1977 – First vaccine for pneumonia ( Streptococcus pneumoniae) 1978 – First vaccine for meningitis ( Neisseria meningitidis) 1980 – Smallpox declared eradicated worldwide due to vaccination efforts. The world’s largest company devoted exclusively to research and manufacture of vaccines has discontinued production of their Poliovax vaccine, which is. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. American doctor who developed the polio vaccine, Jonas. In 2019, there were 554 cases of paralytic polio globally. S. Before a vaccine was available, polio caused more than 15,000 cases of paralysis a year in the U. However, in the 20th century, it became possible to develop vaccines based on immunologic markers. Crossword: Scientists. The antibodies of measles were finally identified in 1916 by French researchers Charles Nicolle and Ernest Conseil. Jonas Edward Salk ( / sɔːlk /; born Jonas Salk; October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American virologist and medical researcher who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Today, like many rural communities, the town. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative issued an urgent call for the development of a monovalent product to boost immunogenicity, and in 2005, a new monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine with. The original goal was to completely eradicate polio by the year 2000 - but delivering vaccines to some of the poorest and most conflict-ridden parts of the world has been a challenge. From 1952–1955, the first effective polio vaccine is developed by Jonas Salk and trials begin. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. PITTSBURGH — Today, the University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health unveiled a free, public exhibit of historical laboratory equipment, documents and photographs from seven decades ago when Jonas Salk, M. This week, Josh Levin talks with Dr. Vaccines have a history that started late in the 18th century. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Crossword Clue. The communityJonas Salk, developer of the polio vaccine, holds a rack of test tubes in his lab in Pittsburgh in 1954. bacteriologist. Polio is an infectious disease, contracted predominantly by children, that can lead to the permanent paralysis of various body parts and can ultimately cause death by immobilizing the patient's breathing muscles. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Vaccine developer", 4 letters crossword clue. In a statement Wednesday, Sept. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Was It Nobel Prize-Worthy? 77%. Langmuir Auditorium. Onesimus, an enslaved African man, introduced the concept of variolation (a primitive method of immunizing against variola. The Hindu. The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed. monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and. Dr. polio vaccine inventor: crossword clues . It was the start of the biggest medical experiment ever, the national field test of the vaccine that defeated polio. Jonas Salk and first used in 1955, and; A live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Dr. 1970 – First vaccine for rubella. Refine the search results by specifying the number of letters. Salk tests the vaccine on himself and his family the following year, and mass trials involving over 1. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. On April 12, 1955, it was announced that Jonas Salk, using March of Dimes donations from. Discover the two distinct vaccines — developed by Dr. This is defined as a vaccine-derived polio virus case. Polio is a highly contagious infection caused by the poliovirus. In 1957, it was cut by another two-thirds. It was the start of the biggest medical experiment ever, the national field test of the vaccine that defeated polio. Doctor That Discovered Polio Vaccine Crossword Clue. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. These symptoms usually go away on their own. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. 12, 1955 the results of the Salk vaccine trials showed the vaccine was 80-90% effective and the US government licensed the IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) vaccine. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Albert who developed a polio vaccine", 5 letters crossword clue. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Inventor Of The Polio Vaccine. Polio was different. Koprowski developed a live virus vaccine first, but Sabin’s gained favor in the U. The crossword clue Polio vaccine developer with 4 letters was last seen on the August 16, 2023. The CDC now recommends children receive four doses of the polio vaccine. ANSWER CLUE QUIZ 98% SABIN-SALK Polio vaccine developers Alphabetically Paired Names II 96% ALBERT SABIN Polio vaccine developer [S] Famous UC Alumni 96%. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. For the word puzzle clue of vaccine against tetnus developed, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was available first, given as a shot, in 1955. This made the vaccine a promising candidate for general use, but it remained to prove that the vaccine actually would prevent polio in exposed individuals. The incidence dramatically decreased after the introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in 1955 and continued to decline following oral polio vaccine (OPV) introduction in 1961. Crossword Clue. bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) will continue to be used in routine immunization. When the GPEI started, polio paralysed more than 1000 children worldwide every day. The vaccine developer produces a seed pool of his chosen strain of weakenedPolio hit Canada in waves. In the 21st century, molecular biology permits vaccine development that was not possible before. Jonas E. Monkeys, viruses, and vaccines. Paralysis caused by poliovirus occurs when the virus replicates in and attacks the nervous system. After completing high school, Jonas matriculated at the City College of New. Polio vaccine developer [S] Famous UC Alumni 37%. M edicine and public health lost a luminary 25 years ago this week with the death of Dr. If certain letters are known already, you can provide them in the form of a pattern: "CA????". This article is a response to ‘Unethical to continue using polio-causing oral polio vaccines ’, July 15, 2023, by R. Jonas Salk. Jacob Puliyel, a paediatrician at. We think the likely answer to this clue is SALK. Peter Salk said Friday that polio is untreatable and highly contagious, and it leads to paralysis in around 1 of every 200 cases. Our crossword solver found 10 results for the crossword clue "polio vaccine inventor". For the word puzzle clue of discoverer of the first safe polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. While the original polio strains, called wildtype, have largely been eliminated, new strains can develop from the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which is the one most used in the developing world. Popper and Landsteiner deduced the viral nature of polio by carefully filtering preparations of spinal cord fluid from a person who had died of polio. Jonas Salk was born in New York City, New York, United States (US), to an Orthodox Polish-Jewish immigrant family on 28 October 1914. Polio is an infectious disease, contracted predominantly by children, that can lead to the permanent paralysis of various body parts and can ultimately cause death by immobilizing the patient's breathing muscles. For the word puzzle clue of discovered the vaccine for polio, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. It was Jonas Salk’s injectable vaccine, not the first ever polio vaccine. 25 results for "developer of the oral polio vaccine albert _____". Word Ladder: Psalm 23 62%. It was the first vaccine to be authorized under Emergency Use Listing. , and his team developed. D. A SYDNEY TAYLOR NOTABLE BOOK • Learn about the importance of vaccines and the scientific process through the fascinating life of world-renowned scientist Jonas Salk, whose pioneering discoveries changed the world forever. hide this ad. Crossword Clue. Our crossword solver found 10 results for the crossword clue "polio vaccine inventor". A. (Los Angeles Times) Sept. The main ingredients were rat brain and a. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Quizzes; Events; Quiz Creation. It is known as nOPV2, short for novel oral polio vaccine type 2. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Jonas Salk and Dr. We found more than 1 answers for Developer Of Polio Vaccine. Rutstein, M. The year. Jonas Salk Develops Polio Vaccination Crossword Clue. Two types of polio vaccines are used throughout the world. It was developed in 1961. Polio vaccine developer Jonas. (Today the bacteria that cause the disease are classified in the genus Pasteurella. Now viruses. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Polio Vaccine Discoverer Jonas. Rotary International launched a global effort to immunize the world’s children against polio in 1985 followed by the establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic. S. polio vacine developer Crossword Clue. In 1955, some batches of polio vaccine given to the public contained live polio virus. Salk and his team developed the first vaccine against polio more. in the 20th century compared with none in 2020. jarun011/Getty The issue is that if the virus is allowed to circulate among. On Apr. Prof Alan. We also work with partners to improve polio surveillance and outbreak response. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine transformed America and the world in ways that seemed unimaginable. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "who developed polio vaccine", 5 letters crossword clue. With the success of the polio vaccine, Jonas. 2007. 8 million American children lined up for the prick in the arm that changed history. Using data from outbreaks of this circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, researchers at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and Tel-Aviv University, in. For the word puzzle clue of 1914 1995 developed the first polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Jonas Salk, medical researcher and developer of the polio vaccine, talks with CBS Radio in 1954. " He was one of the million-plus children around the country who took part in. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Since the start of the pandemic, cases of both wild and vaccine-derived polio have risen around the world. The virus can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis (can’t move parts of the body). VAPP cases in India outnumbered wild polio cases since 2004. 3. and feared, because it caused paralysis and could be deadly. Animal Disease 2 Skin/EyesA stock photo shows the polio vaccine. The stories of children who participated in polio vaccine tests became a constant in media coverage, appearing alongside warnings and debates. One, from the 1950s, labels him a "Polio Pioneer. Salk vaccine developer. In a letter to Horstmann in 1953, John F. Illustration by Meilan Solly / Photos. S. Building on the work of scientists like Elise Ward (who developed a way to grow polio virus in non-human tissue cultures) and Isabel Morgan (who successfully immunized primates with killed polio virus), Jonas Salk successfully developed a polio vaccine by the mid-1950s. The first polio vaccine, known as inactivated poliovirus. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. Jonas Salk and Dr. The first effective polio vaccines emerged in the 1950s, kicking off. Before using nOPV2, there is a required. In about 1 in 200 people with polio infection the virus travels to the nervous system. Six years later, Polish-American physician Albert Sabin introduced an oral vaccine that used a weakened form of the live virus. But Kotch also sees echoes of the opposite: people mobilizing to spread misinformation about COVID-19 and the vaccine. It was the 1950s when polio hit a fever pitch, disabling an average of 35,000 people a year, until pioneering Dr. A vaccine has been developed to manage the mutated variety. 25 results for "developed the rabies vaccine". Missing Letter A crossword with a twist. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. In the 1950s and early '60s, Drs. Revisiting that story in the context of how the OPV hypothesis was handled opens some larger questions about the history of vaccinology infrastructures. Prasad. Salk’s father was Dr. IPV was developed in 1953 by Jonas Salk (Salk, 1953; Salk et al. Eventually, Sabin's vaccine would be approved for use in the United. The Sabin vaccine consisted of a weakened form of the polio virus that stimulated an immune. , with the new Salk polio vaccine. For the word puzzle clue of american doctor who developed the polio vaccine jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Here are 11 vaccine innovators you should know. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Polio vaccine inventor. 30, 1954, Bernice E. For the word puzzle clue of american medical researcher and virologist he discovered and developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. 59%. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . In 1963, the measles vaccine was developed, and by the late 1960s, vaccines were also available to protect against mumps (1967) and rubella (1969). Invented The Polio Vaccine. For best protection, children should get four doses of polio vaccine. For the word puzzle clue of he discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Famous UC Alumni 80%. Crossword Clue. On any list of medical triumphs of the 20th century, polio vaccination is sure to rate a mention. Polio epidemics hit parts of the country in waves from the 1920s to the 1950s, peaking with a particularly bad year in 1953 with 9,000 cases and 500 deaths nationally. The two new vaccines are currently being tested in clinical trials to ensure that they are both effective and do not revert to dangerous forms in humans. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The evolution of cell culture 15 years later led to the creation of the polio vaccine, and this marked the beginning of the golden age of vaccines. At the height of the biggest-ever outbreak, in 1952, almost 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in. From the late 19th century, vaccines could be developed in the laboratory. The vaccine dropped polio paralysis cases in the U. hide this ad. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. com polio vaccine inventor: crossword clues Matching Answer Confidence SALK 60% SABIN. FILE - This Feb. Polio Vaccine Developer Jonas ____. The disease was controlled using the formalin-inactivated Salk polio vaccine (IPV) and the Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV). 20th century scientists est. Polio campaign of the 1950s is a sound model for what America needs for COVID-19. Best answers for Polio Vaccine: SALK, DRSALK, SABIN ALBERT SABIN. Had. Salk did not patent his vaccine. Although multiple safeguards exist to prevent. Polio vaccine has been available since 1955. In this July 18, 1962, photo, a girl in Atlanta swallows a lump of sugar coated with a dose of polio vaccine. Global switch to bivalent OPV in 2016 to prevent type. by Michael Simpson. polio vaccine developer Crossword Clue. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. That is that in areas of the. Jonas Salk was an American scientist and virologist. In 2022, nearly 800 children or young adults in roughly two dozen countries developed paralytic polio after being infected with one of the vaccine viruses from the Sabin vaccines. Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) 2 months: A second at 4 months, a third at 6–18 months, a fourth at 4-6 years: Influenza:. Delays in. hide this ad. Scientists disagreed whether a killed virus would trigger an immune response. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. has brought the incidence of polio to less than one percent of what it used to be. In addition, Frenck has been working on vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes norovirus vaccines, Shigella vaccines, and E. Add to your saved stories. Learn more about the history and effectiveness of polio vaccine. A few parents wonder if getting sick and gaining a natural immunity is. Vaccine production in the 1950s and ’60s, did result in at least one major iatrogenic zoonotic transfer of a monkey virus, SV40, spread through Jonas Salk's killed polio vaccine. Myron Cohen, the director of UNC’s Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, said people were far less hesitant to get the polio vaccine when it was developed and introduced in 1955. He was also known for his research in the fields of human viral diseases, toxoplasmosis, and cancer. Although it had long been suspected that polio was an infectious disease, definitive proof only came in 1908, when Dr Karl Landsteiner and Dr Erwin Popper 1 managed to induce polio in monkeys by injecting them with extracts of the spinal cord of a boy who had died from polio. OPV was recommended for use in the United States for almost 40 years, from 1963 until 2000. Jonas Salk, developer of the polio vaccine, is shown in his lab in Pittsburgh, Oct. However, vaccine disinformation rose during the COVID-19 pandemic and the chaotic nature of remote learning led some parents to forgo vaccinating their children—children who weren't going into theFor the word puzzle clue of state where salk developed the first effective polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Roosevelt desperately wanted to eliminate polio, and, in 1938, during his second term as President, he founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (N. Thanks to vaccines developed in the 1950s and 1960s, polio—which spreads via person-to-person contact—was officially considered eliminated in North America in 1994, according to the Mayo Clinic. Distribution of polio in United States, 1910. Gene Smith/AP. Hilary Koprowski, a pioneering virologist who developed the first successful oral vaccination for polio, died Thursday, April 11. For the word puzzle clue of inactivated polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Polio vaccine", 4 letters crossword clue. Recent Clues Takes Courses? Crossword Clue Ancient Rival Of Athens Crossword Clue Lumberjacks Swing Them Crossword Clue A, In French Crossword Clue The crossword clue Polio vaccine developer with 4 letters was last seen on the August 16, 2023. A health worker administers polio drops to a child during a door-to-door vaccination campaign in Karachi on October 2, 2023. Douglas County’s biggest polio vaccination program began on May 2, 1955. Vaccines have a history that started late in the 18th century. Jonas Salk is one of the most celebrated doctors and medical researchers of the 20th. The second case is a 2. He discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. on March 21, 1963, a five-year-old girl in Philadelphia woke her father, Dr. For the word puzzle clue of inventor of the injected polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Albert Sabin — that stopped its spread. Lori Kelly, a public. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine delevoper jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Medical researcher Albert Sabin developed the conventional polio vaccine in the 1950s and 1960s, by growing the virus in non-human primates and cell cultures, until it adapted to those. For the word puzzle clue of polio sabin, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Subsequent investigations. However, during the next decade, Pasteur developed the overall principle of vaccination and contributed to the foundation of immunology. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Polio Vaccine Inventor. 2 Physicians who developed polio vaccines (one injected, one oral)The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Doctor That Discovered Polio Vaccine. A few days later, he struggled to move his legs. 25 results for "discovered the vaccine for polio". Maurice Hilleman, complaining of a sore throat. In 1988 the World Health Organization announced an effort to eradicate polio, and scientists and doctors deployed the vaccines, which were developed in the 1950s, widely. March 4, 1993 OBITUARY Albert Sabin, Polio Researcher, 86, Dies By HAROLD M. "People were genuinely. This biography examines the remarkable life of Jonas Salk using easy-to-read, compelling text. Of the 200,000 children who received the defective vaccine, 40,000 got polio from it; 200 were left with varying degrees of paralysis, and 10 died. The history of vaccines in a way begins before recorded history. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) were licensed abroad in 1955 and 1961, respectively. The development of nOPV2 started in 2011 with funding for the identification of candidate vaccines. In a smaller percentage of people with polio, more serious effects develop, including: Paralysis or weakness. Albert Bruce Sabin, Polish American physician and microbiologist best known for developing the oral polio vaccine. These three vaccines were combined into the MMR vaccine by Dr. Smallpox vaccinations became mandatory for schoolchildren across the. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. We think the likely answer to this clue is SALK. The tragic story of a Canadian vaccine trailblazer. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. S. 1961 file photo show Dr. Once a disease feared worldwide, polio is nearing eradication with only three countries remaining that have never interrupted wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission 1,2. However, in a small percentage of infected people, the virus attacks nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, particularly the nerve cells in the spinal cord that control muscles involved in voluntary movement such. It was the first vaccine to be authorized under Emergency Use. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine Inventor Jonas ____. This vaccine is given as a shot in the arm or leg, is very. “You can. Credit: Issouf Sanogo/AFP/Getty. 59%. There are reports that oral polio vaccines have been linked to multiple cases of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In many countries, a combination of bivalent OPV (bOPV, types 1 and 3) and IPV (types. Because the strains developed by Sabin provided good antibody levels and were less neurotropic for monkeys, they. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and. Morrow interviewed its creator and. In June, an unvaccinated, twenty-year-old man in Rockland County, New York, developed fever, abdominal pain, and neck stiffness. Brand Name: Kinrix. 00. By the fall of 1980, the vaccination rate among kids enrolling in school was 96% for measles, rubella and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis; 95% for polio; and 92% for mumps. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. The meaning of SABIN VACCINE is a polio vaccine that contains three serotypes of poliovirus in a weakened, live state and is administered orally. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "polio vaccine developer", 6 letters crossword clue. In the United States, polio was the most notorious disease of the 20th century until AIDS appeared. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. By John Bach Email John Email John 513-556-2019. H. The vaccine’s precise clinical costs are also still a shade unclear. Before a vaccine was developed, polio infected half a million children every year. QUIZ. Poliomyelitis is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the poliovirus. For the word puzzle clue of discoverer of first successful polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The March 11 New York Times that year reported on the success of the vaccine, which had gone on to be tested in other parts of the country. It may occur in 25%-50% of patients who develop paralytic polio. hide this ad. However, this method was inefficient, and mice were not a sterile medium. The 11 studies related to COVID-19 include vaccines developed by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna and CyanVac. In 1953, less than two years after he became interested in the challenging problems. 25 results for "developed the. A more convenient form, called oral polio vaccine (OPV), was given as liquid drops via the mouth. The strongest proof of the nature of the polio disease is the effectiveness of the vaccine developed for it. By 1961, the Salk polio vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio by as much as 95%, preventing an estimated 300,000 cases. Forty years ago, more than 1. Aug 16, 2023DRSALK, JONAS By CrosswordSolver IO. At the time, there were multiple theories about what caused polio. hide this ad. Dr. The success of the polio vaccine, which remains in use today, was a seminal event in the history of American. Finally, after a long history of losing to the deadly virus, news of successful trials were announced on April 12, 1955; the 10th anniversary of. hide this ad. Forty years ago, more than 1. SABIN, DRSALK. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Vaccines have been wildly successful in taming killers like polio and measles, but some require boosters to stay effective. Overcoming big pharma’s profit motive has been achieved before, however. In addition to interruptions of vaccination campaigns and immunization activities by the COVID-19 pandemic. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Story. Polio was once one of the most feared diseases in the U. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic. developer of the Salk vaccine, and Donald Shiley,.